Posts in category English
Micromobility+transit integration
Integration between legacy public transport and newer shared micromobility modes remains an area of uncertainty for US and European cities and public transport agencies, who wish to harness technology-enabled transportation modes to complement existing service and expand mobility for residents; with numerous available service and integration models, however, it remains unclear what program design and under what conditions fruitful integrations and partnerships may exist. Europe and the US remain dominant markets for still-emerging micromobility services, and while ample research has considered specific cases, few have examined programs across continents to advance understanding across contexts.
In this joint project of Oregon University (Urbanism Next Centre; Anne Brown) and TU Delft (Smart Public Transport Lab; Niels van Oort), the aim is to answer two research questions:
- What range of strategies have been implemented in Europe and the US to integrate
micromobility and public transport services (e.g., fare integration, free transfers,
collocating parking with stations etc.)? - What are the challenges and opportunities of different integration strategies from both city
and operator perspectives? How do these vary across contexts (e.g., land use, city size,
transit or micromobility mode)?
The collaborative research will use a combination of literature review and interviews with city,
micromobility operator, and public transport staff to document the types of integration strategies
implemented alongside known outcomes/evaluations to date and the challenges, opportunities,
and lessons learned from implementation efforts.
Anne Brown is a visiting researcher at TU Delft in the Smart Public Transport Lab from January
to July 2025. Her research examines transportation equity, shared mobility and technology in
transportation (micromobility, ride-hail, microtransit, public transport), and travel behavior.
Collaborative research at TU Delft will focus on connections between micromobility and public
transport. Read more via https://anne-brown.com/research/
Want to join?
If you are an operator and want to join, get in touch via
Output
TBA
The future of (public) transport
With the team of the TU Delft Mobilisers, we developed 4 future mobility scenarios and presented them on the Dies (Jan, 16, 2025). These scenarios are no predictions or desired future, but a framework to discuss future directions, shaping the future of mobility, and innovation, research and education agendas accordingly. Find the report HERE.
In addition to the general scenario description, the 12 Mobilisers, from 6 faculties, also wrote perspectives on their own domains. Read my perspectives on public transport and shared mobility HERE.
Find our research (results) related to key concepts that play a role in (some of) these scenarios:
Bicycle and transit integration
10 years of integrated Bicycle+Transit research
One sustainable mode gaining more attraction recently is the bicycle-transit combination: with a bicycle ride before and/or after the public transport journey. Integrating these modes, both short and long distances from door-to-door can be covered fast and comfortable (thanks to transit) and flexible (due to the bike). This makes the bicycle-transit combination a potential competitor for the car. In addition, the effectiveness of public transport will substantially increase due to increased catchment areas and enhanced first and mile options. However, integrating both modes is not easy and knowlegde about planning, behaviour and implementation are limited. We started our research in this domain back in 2015 and then provided many insights since then, provided in classic journal papers, but we also put much effort in other formats, suiting better to all needs. Learn more about planning, modelling and operating an integrated bicycle+transit system via the contributions below:
Podcasts
The bicycle and transit combination, Dutch Cycling Embassy
Designing optimal Public Transport and shared modes, Mobility Innovators
Video
Integrating cycling and transit, EIT Urban Mobility
Infographics
Micromobility and public transport
Blog
The Bicycle-Train Combination: A Ticket to Success, Dutch Cycling Embassy
Journal papers
Spierenburg, L., H. van Lint, N. van Oort (2024), Synergizing cycling and transit: Strategic placement of cycling infrastructure to enhance job accessibility, Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 116.
Xanthopoulos, S., M. van der Tuin, S. Sharif Azadeh, G. Correia, N. van Oort, M. Snelder (2024), Optimization of the location and capacity of shared multimodal mobility hubs to maximize travel utility in urban areas, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 179.
Van Kuijk, R.J., G. Homem de Almeida Correia, N. van Oort, B. van Arem (2023), Preferences for first and last mile shared mobility between stops and activity locations: A case study of local public transport users in Utrecht, the Netherlands, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 166.
Montes, A., N. Geržinic, W.V. Veeneman, N. van Oort, S.P. Hoogendoorn (2023), Shared micromobility and public transport integration – A mode choice study using stated preference data, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 99, 101302.
Torabi, F., Y. Araghi, N. van Oort, S.P. Hoogendoorn (2022), Passengers preferences for using emerging modes as first/last mile transport to and from a multimodal hub case study Delft Campus railway station, Case Studies on Transport Policy, Vol.10, Issue 1, pp.300-314.
Liouta, G., Saibene, G., van Oort, N., Cats, O., & Schulte, F. (2022). Can Shared Mobility Compensate for Public Transport Disruptions? The Case of Milan’s Bike Sharing System During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Transportation Research Record.
Van Marsbergen, A., D. Ton, S. Nijënstein, J.A. Annema, N. van Oort (2022), Exploring the role of bicycle sharing programs in relation to urban transit, Case Studies on Transport Policy, Volume 10, Issue 1.
Stam, B., van Oort, N., van Strijp-Harms, H.J., Van der Spek, S., Hoogendoorn, S.P. (2021). Travellers’ preferences towards existing and emerging means of first/last mile transport: a case study for the Almere centrum railway station in the Netherlands. Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 13, 56. .
Bronsvoort K, Alonso-González M, Van Oort N, Molin E, Hoogendoorn S. (2021). Preferences toward Bus Alternatives in Rural Areas of the Netherlands: A Stated Choice Experiment. Transportation Research Record. 2675(12):524-533.
Ton, D., Shelat, S., Nijënstein, S., Rijsman, L., van Oort, N., Hoogendoorn, S. (2020) Understanding the Role of Cycling to Urban Transit Stations through a Simultaneous Access Mode and Station Choice Model, Transportation Research Record, 2674 (8), pp. 823-835.
Ma, X., Ji, Y., Yuan, Y., Van Oort, N., Jin, Y., Hoogendoorn, S.(2020), A comparison in travel patterns and determinants of user demand between docked and dockless bike-sharing systems using multi-sourced data, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 139, pp. 148-173.
Ma, X., Yuan, Y., Van Oort, N., Hoogendoorn, S., (2020). Bike-sharing Systems: Impact on Modal Shift: A Case Study in Delft, the Netherlands. J. Clean. Prod. 120846.
Van Mil, J.F.P., Leferink, T.S., Annema, J.A. et al. Insights into factors affecting the combined bicycle-transit mode. Public Transport (2020).
Rijsman, L., N. van Oort, D. Ton, S. Hoogendoorn , E. Molin, T. Teijl (2019), Walking and bicycle catchment areas of tram stops: factors and insights, Proceedings of IEEE MT-ITS conference, Krakow.
Shelat, S., R. Huisman, N. van Oort (2018). Analysis of the trip and user characteristics of the combined bicycle and transit mode. Research in Transportation Economics.
Brand, J., N. van Oort, B. Schalkwijk, S. Hoogendoorn (2017), Modelling Multimodal Transit Networks; Integration of bus networks with walking and cycling, MT-ITS Conference Napoli.
Podcasts
Luister naar verschillende podcasts over OV en deelmobiliteit: /Listen to multiple podcasts about transit and shared mobility:
The bicycle and transit combination, Dutch Cycling Embassy (ENGLISH)
Designing optimal Public Transport and shared modes, Mobility Innovators (ENGLISH)
De bus moet sexy worden, BNR radio
Iedereen mobiel: Vanzelfsprekend! (Video)
De toekomst van het OV, Radio 1
De toekomst van duurzame mobiliteit, ProRail
What is the value of integrating bike sharing systems and public transport?
From abroad, people often look enviously at the success of the Dutch integration of cycling and public transport, where the best of both worlds come together. Not only for the first miles to the station, but also for the final part of the journey, thanks to the availability of shared bikes. Watetu Mbugua, who came from Kenya to study in Delft, was surprised at how relatively little people knew about this success. That’s why she conducted research in the Smart Public Transport Lab into the societal costs and benefits of this combination, using the “OV-fiets” (public transport bike operated by the Dutch Railways (NS)) as a case study.
By: Niels van Oort (Article translated from Dutch, see OVMagazine.nl)
“The research started with an extensive search in international literature on all the aspects that contribute to the (societal) costs and benefits,” says the Kenyan. “Based on the 14 most important factors, I then looked for data to quantify the effects of OV-fiets for the past 20 years and monetize them. It was a painstaking task, but I’m proud that I succeeded.”
Mirjam Borsboom from the cycling policy team of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management confirms the international interest. “On average, the Netherlands receives more than four (!) requests per day from around the world, asking about cycling. Especially about cycling infrastructure, culture, and incentive projects. In large cities, the bike+public transport combination is particularly popular, leading to many questions, for example, about bike parking at public transport stations.”
Mbugua found that the benefits regarding accessibility were especially large, followed by congestion reduction and health benefits. On average, the benefits were 50% higher than the costs, such as investment and operational expenses. To avoid overly optimistic results, she worked with ranges and sensitivity analyses. “In every scenario, we actually see that the benefits outweigh the costs, even when very conservative assumptions are applied, such as the shift from car to bike+public transport.” In some cases, the benefits were as much as 2.5 times higher than the costs, making it a clearly socially responsible investment. “In the Netherlands, cycling is already very common, so the potential in other countries could be even greater,” Mbugua expects.
That is also where Borsboom sees the main value of this study: “Not only to further apply and improve the Dutch bike+public transport system but also to assist other countries in setting up similar systems.” As far as Mbugua is concerned, the Netherlands should be more proud of its existing bicycle+public transport system. She sees room for improvement particularly in high-quality bus and light rail connections, where shared bikes play only a minor role. “The potential to apply this success abroad is huge, but attention to road safety is crucial. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, cycling often comes with high risks due to a lack of safe infrastructure,” she concludes.
The full research can be read at https://repository.tudelft.nl/record/uuid:70ca79cc-d6de-47c3-a707-88068d233008
Mobility hubs: Why, who, how?
Mobility hubs are often presented as the solution for enhanced accessibility, a shift towards sustainable mobility and/or improved public space. Sometimes, they seem to be a goal in itself.
In our research, we try to find out how to achieve the mobility, spatial and societal goals by investigating the potential users and their needs, and the required offered modes and facilities accordingly.
The highlights of multiple research projects are presented the infographic below. More details and extra insights are available via the related research papers.
References
- Hoogenboom (2024), Exploiting the benefits of a mobility hub to incentivize shared car usage.
- Montes, A., N. Geržinic, W.V. Veeneman, N. van Oort, S.P. Hoogendoorn (2023), Shared micromobility and public transport integration – A mode choice study using stated preference data, Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 99, 101302.
- Spierenburg, L., H. van Lint, N. van Oort (2024), Synergizing cycling and transit: Strategic placement of cycling infrastructure to enhance job accessibility,
Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 116. - Van der Meer, T. Leferink, N. Geržinič, J. A. Annema and N. v. Oort (2023), Identifying potential use of emerging neighbourhood mobility hubs using behavioural modelling, 8th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), Nice, pp. 1-6.
- Van Gerrevink, I., J. de Jong, N. van Oort (2021), Ex-post evaluatie van mobiliteitshubs: Een kwalitatieve studie naar de factoren die het gebruik en de effecten van mobiliteitshubs beïnvloeden. CVS congres Utrecht. (in Dutch; English report)
- Van Kuijk, R.J., G. Homem de Almeida Correia, N. van Oort, B. van Arem (2023), Preferences for first and last mile shared mobility between stops and activity locations: A case study of local public transport users in Utrecht, the Netherlands, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 166.
- Vianen, J., N. van Oort, M. Walvius (2022) Een wijkhub voor iedereen? Inzichten in de behoefte aan hubfaciliteiten en deelmobiliteit voor verschillende bevolkingsgroepen. CVS congres Utrecht (in Dutch; English report)
- Xanthopoulos, S., M. van der Tuin, S. Sharif Azadeh, G. Correia, N. van Oort, M. Snelder (2024), Optimization of the location and capacity of shared multimodal mobility hubs to maximize travel utility in urban areas, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 179.
Onderzoeksagenda / Research agenda
In het openbaar vervoer is nog maar weinig bij het oude. Ontwikkelingen als elektrificatie, automatisering en deelmobiliteit hebben hun impact op vraag én
aanbod. Behalve vlot en veilig moet het ov ook groen en inclusief zijn. En dan is er de nog altijd voelbare impact van covid-19. Om op dit speelveld de juiste keuzes te maken, heeft het ov nieuwe inzichten en nieuwe tools nodig. Zie hiervoor mijn (geactualiseerde) Onderzoeksagenda.
The world of public transport is changing rapidly. Developments such as electrification, automation, and shared mobility have had an impact on both demand and supply. Besides being smooth and safe, public transport must now also be green and inclusive. And then there is the still tangible impact of Covid‑19. To make the right choices in this evolving landscape, we need new knowledge and new tools. Find my (updated) Research Agenda.
Inclusive mobility
Learn more about our research and findings regarding inclusive mobility:
Download the infographic HERE
References
- Bruno, M., and N. Van Oort (2023) The ten dimensions of transport related social exclusion, position paper
- Bruno, M., Kouwenberg, M., & van Oort, N. (2024). Evaluating How Transportation Policy Addresses Transport Related Social Exclusion: A Novel Method Applied to the Amsterdam Transport Region. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Volume 26.
- Van Oort, N., R.A.J. vd Bijl, F.C.A. Verhoof (2017), The wider benefits of high quality public transport for cities, European Transport Conference, Barcelona.
- Bon, T., Bruno, M., & van Oort, N. (2025). Three-dimensional transport poverty and its socio-demographic and urban density predictors: Spatial regression analyses of neighborhoods in the Amsterdam metropolitan area. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
- Durand, A., Zijlstra, T., van Oort, N., Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S., & Hoogendoorn, S. (2022) Access denied? Digital inequality in transport services, Transport Reviews, 42:1, 32-57
- Dixit M., Chowdhury S., Cats O., Brands T., van Oort N. and Hoogendoorn S. (2021). Examining circuity of urban transit networks from an equity perspective, Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 91, 102980.
- Durand, A., Zijlstra, T., Hamersma, M., van Oort, N., Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S., & Hoogendoorn, S. (2023). “Who can I ask for help?”: Mechanisms behind digital inequality in public transport. Cities, 137, 104335
- Van Luven, M., N. van Oort, O. Cats, M. Bruno, M. Kouwenberg (2023), How to achieve an equitable distribution of accessibility by evaluating and modifying public transport networks: a comparison of accessibility distribution principles in the Netherlands, European Transport Conference, Milano.
- Durand, A., Hamersma, M., Rienstra, S. (2023). Use and perceived effects of digital travel information for car and public transport travel. Brochure. The Hague: Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis (KiM).
- Durand, A., Zijlstra, T., Hamersma, M., van Oort, N., Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S., & Hoogendoorn, S. (2023). Fostering an inclusive public transport system in the digital era: an interdisciplinary approach. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Volume 22, 100968.
MT-ITS conference: Identifying potential use of emerging neighbourhood mobility hubs using behavioural modelling
Neighbourhood mobility hubs may play an important role in mitigating the impact of passenger cars on climate change and urban public space. As a relatively new concept, academic research on the user potential of neighbourhood mobility hubs is so far limited. This research aims to identify which user groups are likely to adopt services offered by a neighbourhood mobility hub. A survey was distributed in the Netherlands (N=298) and an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Latent Class Cluster Analysis (LCCA) were executed. Four distinctive groups of intended users were uncovered. Two of the clusters have intentions to use neighbourhood mobility hubs. The other two identified clusters do not (yet) intend to use neighbourhood mobility hubs. The clusters indicate that people who currently already travel more by sustainable modes (train or (e-)bicycle) are more likely to be adopters of neighbourhood mobility hubs than the traditional car users. In practice, this may make the positive effect of hubs more limited than anticipated or even increase car use. However it could also facilitate those travelling sustainable to do so for longer as additional shared modes become available to them via hubs. Limitations and directions for further research are discussed.
Read the paper of Van der Meer et al. (2023) HERE
Find the presentation of MT-ITS (2023) in Nice HERE
The full research report is available HERE
More insights into mobility hubs and shared mobility:
10 dimensions of transport related social exclusion
Transport Related Social Exclusion (TRSE) looks at how people who are socially disadvantaged for reasons such as employment status, income, age, or ability, can face limitations in their ability to access transportation services. As income is only one of these factors, people can experience TRSE without having a low income (Yigitcanlar et al., 2018). Rather, social exclusion is defined by an exclusion from economic life, social services, civic life, and social networks (Spoor, 2013). TRSE looks at how elements of the transportation system contribute to this exclusion (Yigitcanlar et al., 2018).
This figure provides an overview of 10 dimensions of Transport Related Social Exclusion, further explained (incl. references) in the position paper of Bruno and Van Oort (2023).
