Posted in January 2026

Integration between legacy public transport and newer shared micromobility modes remains an area of uncertainty for US and European cities and public transport agencies, who wish to harness technology-enabled transportation modes to complement existing service and expand mobility for residents; with numerous available service and integration models, however, it remains unclear what program design and under what conditions fruitful integrations and partnerships may exist. Europe and the US remain dominant markets for still-emerging micromobility services, and while ample research has considered specific cases, few have examined programs across continents to advance understanding across contexts.

In this joint project of Oregon University (Urbanism Next Centre; Anne Brown) and TU Delft (Smart Public Transport Lab; Niels van Oort), the aim is to answer two research questions:

1. What range of strategies have been implemented in Europe and the US to integrate
   micromobility and public transport services (e.g., fare integration, free transfers,
   collocating parking with stations etc.)?
2. What are the challenges and opportunities of different integration strategies from both city
   and operator perspectives? How do these vary across contexts (e.g., land use, city size,
   transit or micromobility mode)?
   The collaborative research will use a combination of literature review and interviews with city,
   micromobility operator, and public transport staff to document the types of integration strategies
   implemented alongside known outcomes/evaluations to date and the challenges, opportunities,
   and lessons learned from implementation efforts.

Output

Find the results via this journal paper or short article in OV Magazine.

Anne Brown is a visiting researcher at TU Delft in the Smart Public Transport Lab from January
to July 2025. Her research examines transportation equity, shared mobility and technology in
transportation (micromobility, ride-hail, microtransit, public transport), and travel behavior.
Collaborative research at TU Delft will focus on connections between micromobility and public
transport. Read more via https://anne-brown.com/research/